Optimising production and consumption requires intelligent system design, modelling and development. The transition to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and bioenergy) necessitates a global, multi-utility approach that takes sector coupling into account, as well as a detailed understanding of the various energy sectors and their interactions. 

This can only be achieved through digitalisation, automation and the development of forecasting and control tools. As we transition, we must also carefully consider how energy will be transformed and stored in general in order to ensure energy security and network safety. Furthermore, we must take into account the limitations and reliability of existing infrastructure (electricity transmission and distribution networks), and accommodate new technologies connected to electricity networks on a large scale, such as photovoltaics, electric cars, and resources connected to power converters. 

Measuring, analysing and understanding the environmental impact of these systems is an indispensable part of this approach.